Desarrollo del sistema nervioso humano. Perspectiva general del estadio prenatal hasta 2013

Paloma Rohlfs Domínguez

doi:10.33670/18181023.v15i01.172

Autores/as

Paloma Rohlfs Domínguez Universidad de Extremadura

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33670/18181023.v15i01.172

Palabras clave:

sistema nervioso, desarrollo prenatal, migración neuronal, sinaptogénesis, mielinización, poda axónica

Resumen

El estudio del origen y desarrollo del sistema nervioso humano es imprescindible para combatir los trastornos del desarrollo y las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Por esta razón, la presente monografía tiene como objetivo revisar el estado actual de esta cuestión, centrándose específicamente en la fase prenatal de tal desarrollo. De acuerdo con este objetivo, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda electrónica entre 2003 y 2013 de literatura científica publicada en las bases de datos Academic Search Complete, Medline y Science Direct, incluyendo las siguientes palabras clave: desarrollo ontogenético, sistema nervioso humano y fase prenatal. A la luz de esta revisión, se concluye que en el origen y desarrollo prenatal del sistema nervioso humano están implicados toda una serie de eventos ontogenéticos perfectamente orquestados, que tienen lugar desde la fecundación del óvulo hasta el nacimiento del individuo. Estos eventos se pueden presentar de manera sucesiva, o bien de manera superpuesta. Se trata específicamente de los siguientes eventos: transformación del zigoto; neurulación primaria; neurogénesis; migración neuronal; agrupamiento neuronal; sinaptogénesis, mielinización y poda axónica. Además, se concluye que existen al menos dos cuestiones que ya no suscitan debate científico. El primero es sobre el hecho de que el origen y desarrollo prenatal del sistema nervioso humano muestra un patrón estereotipado. El segundo se refiere a que la acción combinada de la influencia externa (medio ambiente) e interna (genética) determina dicho patrón de desarrollo. Finalmente, se recomienda invertir un mayor esfuerzo investigador en el futuro en dilucidar varias cuestiones relativas a la migración neuronal y a la reorganización sináptica posterior a la poda axónica.

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